Cancer module

Bladder Cancer · Urothelial

Cystoscopy + urine-cytology surveillance with VI-RADS MRI staging.

Reporting system
VI-RADS (1–5) / AJCC T-stage
Imaging modalities
  • Cystoscopy
  • Urine cytology / FISH
  • MRI pelvis (VI-RADS)
  • CT urogram
  • Pathology
Key findings OCTON surfaces
  • Painless gross hematuria
  • Papillary / sessile bladder mass on cysto
  • VI-RADS 4–5 muscle-invasion suspicion
  • Hydronephrosis from ureteric-orifice obstruction
  • Carcinoma in situ — flat erythematous mucosa
Evidence base
  • AUA Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer 2024
  • NCCN Bladder Cancer v3.2025
  • VI-RADS Working Group 2018
Risk questionnaire
  • · What is your age?
  • · Current or heavy past tobacco use?
  • · Occupational aromatic-amine / dye / rubber exposure?
  • · History of schistosomiasis?
  • · Recurrent UTIs or long-term indwelling catheter?
  • · First-degree relative with bladder / urothelial cancer?
  • · Painless visible haematuria?
See OCTON in action · early-detection demos
18 / 24
Bladder · UrothelialYou're herehigh · 77/100MRI · VI-RADS 4
VI-RADS 4 muscle-invasion suspicion in painless gross haematuria
3.2 cm sessile bladder mass at the right lateral wall · MRI VI-RADS 4 — high muscle-invasion suspicion.
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